罗氏沼虾性别相关基因研究进展及其单性化养殖现状


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摘要:罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)具有生长快、养殖周期短、营养价值高等优点,是我国主要的淡水虾养殖品种,在生长性能方面表现出性别两态性:同龄雌、雄虾个体的大小、生长速度相差悬殊,导致大规模生产罗氏沼虾受到限制,因此迫切需要采用性别控制技术开展罗氏沼虾单性化育苗,培育全雌/全雄罗氏沼虾以提高养殖产量,而实现罗氏沼虾单性化养殖的前提必须明确性别分化和性别决定的分子机制及其关键基因。文章就罗氏沼虾性别相关基因的研究进展及其单性化养殖发展现状进行综述,认为全雄/全雌罗氏沼虾育种的关键技术是伪雌或超雌虾制备。鉴于罗非鱼三系[原系(XX♀)、雄性纯合系(YY♂)和雄性纯合转化系(YY♀)]配套方案的启发,今后可对罗氏沼虾遗传型WW超雌个体进行性逆转,获得伪雄个体(遗传型WW,生理型ZZ),经回交所得后代用于构建超雌虾种质库,即通过性别分化和性别决定机制解析及超雌种质库构建,研发自主的单性化罗氏沼虾制种技术,培育全雄/全雌罗氏沼虾将成为可能。

关键词: 罗氏沼虾;性别控制;性别相关基因;单性化养殖

中图分类号: S966.12                             文献标志码: A 文章编号:2095-1191(2019)09-2111-08

Abstract:Giant freshwater prawn(Macrobrachium rosenbergii) as an important freshwater prawn has become one of the leading varieties of freshwater aquaculture in China due to its quicker growth rate, shorter breeding cycle and higher nutrition. The male and female individuals exhibit sexual dimorphism in terms of growth performance:the size and growth rate of the same age was different, which limited the boost production of M. rosenbergii. Thus, it was urgent to adopt sex manipulation to carry out monosex culture, and to cultivate all-female and all-male prawns to increase the aquaculture yield. The prerequisite of the monosex culture was understanding the molecular mechanism and key genes of sex differentiation and sex determination. Hence, in this paper, the research progress of sex-related genes and research status of monosex culture at home and abroad were summarized, and it was considered that the essential for all-female and all-male breeding was the preparation of neo-female and super female. Inspired by the three-line matching scheme of tilapia[original(XX♀), male homozygous(YY♂) and male homozygous transformation(YY♀)], the genetic reversal WW super-female individuals in the future could be sex-reversed, and neo-male individuals(genotype WW, physiologic type ZZ) were obtained. After backcrossing, they were used to construct super female breeding germplasm bank. Notably, it is po-ssible to develop independent parthenogenesis techniques of M. rosenbergii, and to cultivate all-female and all-male prawns through the analysis of the molecular mechanism of sex differentiation and sex determination.

Key words: Macrobrachium rosenbergii; sex control; sex related gene; monosex culture

0 引言

羅氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)属大型淡水虾类,具有生长快、养殖周期短、营养价值高等优点,是我国主要的淡水虾养殖品种。我国于1976年引进罗氏沼虾,至1990年得到快速推广。近年来,随着市场需求的日益增长和人工繁育苗种技术的进步,我国罗氏沼虾养殖呈现方兴未艾之势。据统计,2016年我国罗氏沼虾养殖产量达13.2万t,较2015年增长了2.49%(农业部渔业渔政管理局,2017),其产量已超过全球罗氏沼虾养殖产量(约23.0万t)的1/2。与其他甲壳类动物一样,罗氏沼虾也表现出性别两态性:同龄雌、雄虾个体的大小、生长速度相差悬殊,即在同等养殖条件下,雌虾生长速度较雄虾慢50%~70%,性成熟后的雄虾个体平均体重约是雌虾的2倍(俞炎琴,2013)。这是由于我国传统的罗氏沼虾养殖模式均为雌雄混养,在养殖过程中部分虾性成熟早,并进行交配繁殖而消耗大量能量,进而影响其生长速度和群体均匀度。为改善这一现状,部分养殖户通过人工挑选留大剔小、雌雄分开等方法以提高罗氏沼虾产量,但此法劳动强度大、成本高,且雌雄幼虾区分不明显,导致大规模生产罗氏沼虾受到限制。因此,迫切需要采用性别控制技术开展罗氏沼虾单性化育苗,培育全雌/全雄罗氏沼虾以提高养殖产量,而实现罗氏沼虾单性化养殖的前提必须明确性别分化和性别决定的分子机制及其关键基因。本文就罗氏沼虾性别相关基因的研究进展及其单性化养殖发展现状进行综述,以期为研发罗氏沼虾性别控制技术提供参考,进而有效指导罗氏沼虾单性化养殖。

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